Theoretical astronomy

Theoretical astronomers use a wide variety of tools which include analytical models(for example, polytropesto approximate the behaviors of a star) and computationalnumerical simulations. Each has some advantages. Analytical models of a process are generally better for giving insight into the heart of what is going on. Numerical models can reveal the existence of phenomena and effects that would otherwise not be seen.Theorists in astronomy endeavor to create theoretical models and figure out the observational consequences of those models. This helps observers look for data that can refute a model or help in choosing between several alternate or conflicting models. Theorists also try to generate or modify models to take into account new data. In the case of an inconsistency, the general tendency is to try to make minimal modifications to the model to fit the data. In some cases, a large amount of inconsistent data over time may lead to total abandonment of a model. Topics studied by theoretical astronomers include: stellar dynamicsand evolution; galaxy formation; large-scale structureof matterin the Universe; origin of cosmic rays; general relativityand physical cosmology, including stringcosmology and astroparticle physics. Astrophysical relativity serves as a tool to gauge the properties of large scale structures for which gravitation plays a significant role in physical phenomena investigated and as the basis for black hole(astro)physicsand the study of gravitational waves. Some widely accepted and studied theories and models in astronomy, now included in the Lambda-CDM modelare the Big Bang, Cosmic inflation, dark matter, and fundamental theories of physics. A few examples of this process:

Dark matter and dark energy are the current leading topics in astronomy, as their discovery and controversy originated during the study of the galaxies.